tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66468065216831486732024-03-06T02:00:15.283+00:00Arboreal MonstersPrzemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-56768160709214280412016-09-11T15:31:00.000+01:002016-09-11T15:31:00.129+01:00Problems of albino snakes - are there any?<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During this year I have participated in discussion on forum about albinism and the possible feeding problems. I have done some research and I would like to share some exciting and at some point worrying knowledge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">First of all I love albino Darwin carpet python ohh yes! This is must have for me and I do like albino animals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From: </span><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis; unicode-bidi: isolate;">crispysnakes.tumblr.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But what is an albinism?</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is a genetic mutation that influence synthesis of melanin. All animals with this mutation have reduced or complete ceased production of melanin pigmentation. Various organs can be touched by albinism such as skin, eyes, hair follicles and scales.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But let's start from where snakes have colors. There are two possibilities: skin pigments or structural coloration. However in snakes pigments are main source of colors where structural coloration is popular in bugs and beetles.</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">xanthophores (yellow): contain yellow pigments in the forms of carotenoids</span></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">erythrophores (red): contain reddish pigments such as carotenoids and pteridine</span></li>
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<ul style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">melanophores (black/brown): contain black and brown pigments such as the melanins</span></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">cyanophores (blue): limited taxonomic range but found in some fish and amphibians.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f5f5ff; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, resulting in abnormal decussation (crossing) of optic nerve fibres.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f5f5ff;">Photophobia and decreased visual acuity due to light scattering within the eye (ocular straylight).</span><br />
Reduced visual acuity due to foveal hypoplasia and possibly light-induced retinal damage.<br />
Nystagmus, irregular rapid movement of the eyes back and forth, or in circular motion.<br />
Amblyopia, decrease in acuity of one or both eyes due to poor transmission to the brain, often due to other conditions such as strabismus.<br />
Optic nerve hypoplasia, underdevelopment of the optic nerve.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Science used to divide this mutation on two types but recent research indicate that one is currently valid. Oculocutaneus albinism (OCA) that influence melanogenic system of integument and eye.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Not all white animals are albinos but the main trait of all albino animals have pink or red eyes (because the veins are visible trough colorless retina).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">So what are those pigments? Those colors are created by pigmentation cells in skin called chromatophores that are classed in few different groups.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Chromatophores cells, some of them without melanin pigmentation (transparent ones).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">From: "</span></span>Separation of Pigmented and Albino Melanocytes and
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Content Using Flow Cytometry" by Raymond E. Boissy, Linda S. Trinkle, and James J. Nordlund </div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">I can tell you that all blue colors and blueish tonnes are not from cyanophores but from combination of other chromatophores. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The only structural colors of snakes are coming from iridiophores that giving snakes this beautiful rainbow reflection on skin. Main reflecting compound in those cells are crystals of guanine thus those cells are sometimes called guanophores.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The albinism is complex mutation and for example in mouse mutation of around 100 genes can cause lack of melanin and it is recessive mutation, that means that both parents need to have "albino" gene. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Albinism is caused mainly by lack of melanin pigmentation that is crucial for surviving of animals in the wild. Not only from obvious reasons like problems with camouflage but from various other physiological problems. One of them are problems with eyesight that can </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">include iris, retina, eye muscles, and optic nerves. Absence of melanin are resulting in abnormal development of those structures causing blurred vision, focusing problems and general movement perception problems. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.4px;">Albino vertebrates exposed to intense light typically lose </span>photoreceptors<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.4px;"> due to </span>apoptosis which could lead to total loos of eyesight. In mammals for example retina cells are under developed and there is much less rod cells. However albino birds have much less eye vision problems than mammals. The American alligator "Claude" is partially blind because of lack of melanin in the eye. So it is hard to assume how snake vision is and if is impaired by albinism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In fish species albino genes are greatly reducing number of offspring's and not many of them will reach adulthood. In some albino mammals lack of melanin is linked to hearing problems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Examples of eyesight problems in albinotic humans:</span></div>
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Claude from imgur (https://i.imgur.com/saWvLkJ.jpg)</div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But lets come back to snakes! A lot of albino snakes are still having xantophores and erythrophores even when melanophores are not functional. So that is why sometimes you can buy high red albino snakes or for example like my beloved Darwin albino carpet python have nice bright yellow pattern.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have heard an information about food striking problems of albino snakes but I tell you that most of snakes are not really using vision to locate prey and even when we still don't know much about albino health problems in reptiles exists but it could be wise to reduce light strength and UV intensiveness in albino enclosures but as long as they are in captivity and receive good care they will be great animals that will not cause more problems than any other normal snake.</span></div>
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Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-34838634514274041652015-07-19T22:25:00.000+01:002015-07-19T22:26:43.261+01:00Arboreal adaptations of snakes.<div style="text-align: center;">
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To start with, I will show you pictures of snakes that occupy different ecosystems and you will probably instantly notice some differences between them. Those differences cover not only the appearance of the snakes but also their behaviour and foraging strategies.</div>
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<i>Morelia viridis - </i>Arboreal green tree python</div>
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<a href="http://rivista-cdn.reptilesmagazine.com/images/cache/cache_5/cache_6/cache_c/25870-green-tree-pythonchondro-15-5ba34c65.jpeg?ver=1415290095&aspectratio=1.3100436681223" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://rivista-cdn.reptilesmagazine.com/images/cache/cache_5/cache_6/cache_c/25870-green-tree-pythonchondro-15-5ba34c65.jpeg?ver=1415290095&aspectratio=1.3100436681223" height="244" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Care-Sheets/Snakes/Green-Tree-Python/</span></div>
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<i>Cerastes Cerastes - </i>Ground/burrowing horned desert viper</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://rivista-cdn.reptilesmagazine.com/Hornviper_Cerastes_cerastes.jpg?ver=1385057346</span></div>
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<i>Laticauda colubrina - </i>Sea living<i> </i>banded sea krait</div>
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<a href="http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/C5/C5811633-732F-43BB-92D7-8F5CF4F7DFE0/Presentation.Large/Banded-sea-krait-on-sand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/C5/C5811633-732F-43BB-92D7-8F5CF4F7DFE0/Presentation.Large/Banded-sea-krait-on-sand.jpg" height="155" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.arkive.org/banded-sea-krait/laticauda-colubrina/image-G125624.html</span></div>
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As you can see they are pretty different. What causes this variation? The answer is simple: Evolution! Those differences are adaptations to particular ecosystems. Snakes that occupy same or similar habitat will share some of the adaptations, for example, cryptic skin pattern of snakes' that hide between fallen leaves on the forest's ground.</div>
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But what about arboreal snakes? Does arboreal snakes share some similarities? </div>
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Amazon tree boa (<i>Corallus hortulanus</i>)</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/379847/view</span></div>
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Asia<span style="font-family: inherit;">n vine sn</span>ake (<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.140000000596046px; line-height: inherit;"><i>Ahaetulla prasina</i>)</span></div>
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<a href="http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/39/39D36C8A-6E99-4A88-BD08-589856446422/Presentation.Large/Asian-vine-snake-in-tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/39/39D36C8A-6E99-4A88-BD08-589856446422/Presentation.Large/Asian-vine-snake-in-tree.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.arkive.org/</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 21.2800006866455px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Green pit viper (<i>Trimeresurus albolabris</i>)</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Trimeresurus_albolabris_male.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Trimeresurus_albolabris_male.jpg" height="264" width="320" /></a></div>
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These snakes represent three different taxa, so they aren't closely related to each other. Amazon tree boa represent Boidae and lives in South America, Asian vine snake is Colubrid snake from <br />
South-East Asia as well as Green pit viper which, as name shows, represent Vipers. All of those snakes spent majority of their lives on trees and their branches. There are a lot of shared adaptations which are common in arboreal snakes and rarely seen in snakes occupying different ecological niches. The arboreal specialization is characteristic for tropical climate.</div>
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But what exactly 'Arboreal' means?</div>
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'Arboreal' (latin <i>arbor - </i>tree) means: Living in or among trees.<br />
Putting this in more comprehensive answer, arboreality is a trait showing consistent association with trees. This trait is adaptive to some aspects of environmental and ecological conditions.<br />
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Arboreal snakes have several body modifications that help them survive and be successful predator in the tree canopy.<br />
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<ul>
<li>They have characteristic mid body lateral flatness, more broadly said, they are more slender and flatter than other non-arboreal snakes.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Longer tail length in relation to body length and tail prehensility (which means an organ adapted to holding or grasping)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Smaller sizes of clutches. The slender body might predestine those snakes to have smaller clutch size. This gives possibility for mothers not to have a handicap since they live on the trees. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Shift in the position of ovaries. This ovarian asymmetry gives them ability to minimize body distention during pregnancy period. Lack of strong distention keeps them slender even while keeping big follicles.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Ontogenetic color changes and polimorphism. It enables snakes' to live in different ecological niches (for example in different height of the trees).</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>High aggression (decreases with age). It is defending mechanism for youths and an excellent feeding response that helps them survive in natural environment and to thrive in captivity.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Bigger heads in relativity to body length and generally, strong, heart-shaped heads. This distinctive shape is a result of presence of strong jaw muscles to prevent their prey from escape. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Longer teeth. Arboreal snakes have one of the longest teeth in snake's world. For example Emerald tree python and Green tree python can reach teeth size of 3-4 cm that is close to length of Gabon viper fangs (longest snake-world fangs)!</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQdzvdCEK58xfj6JpX19LzOa_lbgM5zOdBp8pZyejewWnj3Oha51cIxsMogZTKvHWEBGuwf4gsc-liTQ-_20Ap4dnGMwZ5jAtUXBXQ2YqUcfs8OOaU3g3otRWRXhSMTNHxsxUEq6N3uog/s1600/IMG_2496.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQdzvdCEK58xfj6JpX19LzOa_lbgM5zOdBp8pZyejewWnj3Oha51cIxsMogZTKvHWEBGuwf4gsc-liTQ-_20Ap4dnGMwZ5jAtUXBXQ2YqUcfs8OOaU3g3otRWRXhSMTNHxsxUEq6N3uog/s320/IMG_2496.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
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This is a head of Emerald tree boa that I have dissected a year ago. You can see there a pretty devastating teeth (and yes! during preparation my gloves were pierced all the time).</div>
<ul>
<li>My research suggests that constricting snakes like pythons and boas have lengthen nasal complex in relativity to other snakes, that probably allows them more precise grasp of the agile prey. You can see this long nasal complex on the picture above. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Good vision. We can even assume that the best from all snakes: from excellent binocular vision of vine snakes to special light reflecting layer of <i>tapetum lucidum</i> in tree boas (that's why one of the easiest ways of searching for those snakes is with flashlight). Good vision helps them localize prey and be more accurate during striking.</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNcAcV-lGQltiURD6sRGW8rrTgwAKwBmMvHbXgF-A57jeKwF5PsMvxPrIjRvFqpH56duy1Z5CWhFoLS-GanZs4QMzukCs-XI9_2lPSK4V0SEaH3YtYnvCkwHeA5a_PidmLrdb_SalURkca/s1600/Tree+boa.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNcAcV-lGQltiURD6sRGW8rrTgwAKwBmMvHbXgF-A57jeKwF5PsMvxPrIjRvFqpH56duy1Z5CWhFoLS-GanZs4QMzukCs-XI9_2lPSK4V0SEaH3YtYnvCkwHeA5a_PidmLrdb_SalURkca/s1600/Tree+boa.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNcAcV-lGQltiURD6sRGW8rrTgwAKwBmMvHbXgF-A57jeKwF5PsMvxPrIjRvFqpH56duy1Z5CWhFoLS-GanZs4QMzukCs-XI9_2lPSK4V0SEaH3YtYnvCkwHeA5a_PidmLrdb_SalURkca/s1600/Tree+boa.JPG</span></div>
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<ul>
<li> Arboreal snakes have almost no possibility for precise thermoregulation. There is a small amount of sunlight that pierce trough dense tree canopy and all sunny locations are unpopular, probably because of the risk of predation. As a result of living in this environment they have lower body temperature than other snakes. Additionally, the arboreal nocturnal snakes have lower body temperature than diurnal arboreal snakes (which is quite obvious).</li>
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The ultimate adaptation to living on tress is diving, or air sliding, or more popularly called - flying.</div>
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The South-East Asian <i>Chrysoplea</i> taxa, known as paradise snakes, posseses the ability to move from one tree to another trough gliding in the air. This is really amazing and in few words it is achieved by basically further flattening the body. </div>
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Here is a short video from National Geographic where you can see this amazing ability.</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/HMs8Cu8PNKM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HMs8Cu8PNKM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><br />
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Arboreal snakes are highly adapted to their environment and they are undoubtedly successful predators. Those interesting snakes in a variety of ways are 'marvelous monsters' of the natural world and as a pet snake they can give an opportunity to observe interesting behaviours and admire unique colors and patterns. The only disadvantages with those snakes are high price and demand of specific conditions to keep (and breed) them with success.</div>
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I think this post is already longer that I've expected, so if you'll still have any questions, do not hesitate to ask in comments section and I will try my best to answer them.</div>
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Cheerio!</div>
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Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-15735924724666286222014-11-05T19:48:00.000+00:002015-05-24T20:38:36.193+01:00Carpet python morphs<div style="text-align: center;">
Today I will write something about carpet python morphs and subspecies. As you know Carpet python group consist of several subspecies and morphs. I think that in future this species will be way more popular than now. Carpet pythons for sure in future will have more morphs than popular ball python. This snakes are semi - arboreal and active during the day that make from them very good exposition snake. From that what I hear their poo don't smell so bad like some other snakes. :P</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>
Diamond Python (<i>Morelia spilota spilota</i>)</b></span><br />
<b>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b><br />
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I will start from main subspecies <i>Morelia spilota spilota</i> popularly known as diamond python. This is a main subspecies from Australia and python who's live on the most southern territories and on the highest altitude from all pythons. These python lives on very various habitats from urban, woodlands to rocky habitat. Diamond pythons mainly feed on mammals but from time to time they also eat birds and lizards. Some populations around Lake Victoria in Australia are threatened with extinction. Diamond's can survive in lower temperatures than other carpets and stay dormant up to six months during one year. During breeding season males are don't fight with each other. Diamond pythons instead of fighting are making breeding balls similar to those like in anaconda, where many males try to copulate with one female. It is possible for female to grow up to 9 ft (but usually much smaller).</div>
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Wild Diamond<br />
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<a href="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image017.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image017.jpg</span><br />
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Black and white form is rarer than yellow in trade.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ryanphotographic.com/diamond%20python.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ryanphotographic.com/diamond%20python.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ryanphotographic.com/diamond%20python.jpg</span></div>
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Diamond python yellow form</div>
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<a href="http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae%20site/images2/Morelia%20Spilota%20Spilota%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae%20site/images2/Morelia%20Spilota%20Spilota%203.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae</span></div>
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Dark Diamonds<br />
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<a href="http://www.cuttingedgemorelia.com/site/images/stories/CuttingEdgeMorelia/Section_Projects/Diamonds_Dark/Gallery/black_diamond.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.cuttingedgemorelia.com/site/images/stories/CuttingEdgeMorelia/Section_Projects/Diamonds_Dark/Gallery/black_diamond.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.cuttingedgemorelia.com/site/images/stories/CuttingEdgeMorelia/Section_Projects/Diamonds_Dark/Gallery/black_diamond.jpg</span><br />
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Striped Diamond<br />
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<a href="http://www.snakeranch.com.au/images/sendbinary.asp?width=645&path=imagesDB/wysiwyg/Diamond(Tareelocale).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.snakeranch.com.au/images/sendbinary.asp?width=645&path=imagesDB/wysiwyg/Diamond(Tareelocale).JPG" height="229" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.snakeranch.com.au/images/sendbinary.asp?width=645&path=imagesDB/wysiwyg/Diamond(Tareelocale).JPG</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>
Jungle carpet python (<i>Morelia spilota cheynei</i>)</b></span><br />
<b>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
This subspecies lives in the most tropical habitat and is the smallest from all carpets they are don't longer than 6 - 7 ft. Jungle carpets lives in Queensland and <span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Cape York Peninsula. These is the most arboreal species from all carpets and they inhabit a </span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">rain forest</span><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"> canopy.</span><br />
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Wild form</div>
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<a href="http://www.oakvalefarm.com.au/images/jungle_carpet_python.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.oakvalefarm.com.au/images/jungle_carpet_python.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.oakvalefarm.com.au/images/jungle_carpet_python.jpg</span></div>
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Ivory black and white form</div>
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<a href="http://www.theradzoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Jungle-Carpet-Python.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.theradzoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Jungle-Carpet-Python.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.theradzoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Jungle-Carpet-Python.jpg</span></div>
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Tully locality jungle<br />
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<a href="http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn214/Red-Ink-Buldogs/Greyham/G15_zps77543b34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn214/Red-Ink-Buldogs/Greyham/G15_zps77543b34.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://i305.photobucket.com/albums/nn214/Red-Ink-Buldogs/Greyham/G15_zps77543b34.jpg</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;">Babinda locality jungle</span><br />
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<a href="http://trexreptiles.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/babinda-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://trexreptiles.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/babinda-4.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://trexreptiles.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/babinda-4.jpg</span><br />
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Palmerston locality jungle<br />
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<a href="http://ih2.redbubble.net/image.4059535.5274/flat,550x550,075,f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ih2.redbubble.net/image.4059535.5274/flat,550x550,075,f.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://ih2.redbubble.net/image.4059535.5274/flat,550x550,075,f.jpg</span><br />
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Atherton localities jungle<br />
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<a href="http://www.ebmorelia.com/publishImages/Collection~~element219.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ebmorelia.com/publishImages/Collection~~element219.jpg" height="237" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ebmorelia.com/publishImages/Collection~~element219.jpg</span><br />
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Zebra jungle<br />
Zebra is the co - dominant trait. The zebra gene is gene from jungle pythons.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/zeb3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/zeb3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/zeb3.jpg</span></div>
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Super Zebra</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/szeb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/szeb1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/szeb1.jpg</span></div>
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Striped/Tiger form<br />
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element87.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element87.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element87.jpg</span><br />
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Highlighter jungle<br />
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<a href="http://www.australianaddiction.com/JCP_Highlighter2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.australianaddiction.com/JCP_Highlighter2013.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.australianaddiction.com/JCP_Highlighter2013.jpg</span><br />
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<h2>
<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Coastal carpet python</span> (<i style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Morelia spilota mcdowelli</i>)</span><br /><b style="font-size: medium;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></h2>
Coastal carpet python is the biggest subspecies usually growth to 7 ft but 14 ft specimens are recorded. Coastals lives in wide range of habitats but mainly in forests. Range from Cape York peninsula to South Wales. This taxa is the most variable in patterns and colors which is presented in variety of morphs.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Wild form</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/BrF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/BrF.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/BrF.jpg</span></span></div>
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Port Douglas localities coastal<br />
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<a href="http://www.ebmorelia.com/Port_Douglas-F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ebmorelia.com/Port_Douglas-F.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ebmorelia.com/Port_Douglas-F.jpg</span><br />
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High contrast coastal</div>
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<a href="http://static.squarespace.com/static/502928b784ae02c19c94a1d1/5029b997e4b05bc1fa622658/5029b998e4b05bc1fa622659/1344911768135/p165203859-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/502928b784ae02c19c94a1d1/5029b997e4b05bc1fa622658/5029b998e4b05bc1fa622659/1344911768135/p165203859-4.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://static.squarespace.com</span></div>
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High contrast tiger coastal<br />
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<a href="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image077.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image077.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://ectotherms.net/kyherpsoc/Propagating%20Carpet%20Pythons%20Webpage_files/image077.jpg</span><br />
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Red coastal<br />
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element239.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element239.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element239.jpg</span><br />
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Red tiger<br />
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element238.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element238.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element238.jpg</span><br />
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MPenn Line coastal<br />
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Ocelot caramel<br />
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Caramel coastal<br />
Co-dominant</div>
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Super caramel</div>
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Tiger </div>
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Lesser Tiger/Trinity</div>
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Citrus tiger</div>
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Caramel tiger</div>
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Russian Tiger</div>
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Superstripe</div>
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Hypomelanistic coastal</div>
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Axanthic coastal</div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Irian jaya carpet python (<i>Morelia spilota harrisoni</i>)</span><br /><b style="font-size: medium;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></h2>
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This subspecies is known for ontogenetic color change. Hatchlings have reddish colors and they darken with age. Juveniles are resemble jungle carpet python (<i>M. s. cheynei</i>). When they are adults they take more brownish colors. This is one of smaller subspecies its rarely have 6 ft length. They live in eucalyptus forests and Savannah on New Guinea Island. However popular in pet trade Irian jaya is from Indonesian Island between New Guinea and Australia.</div>
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<i>Morelia spilota harrisoni</i> (Irian jaya)</div>
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Nova guinea caramel (population from different locality)</div>
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Axanthic Irian jaya</div>
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Granite</div>
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High yellow granite</div>
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Reduced pattern Irian jaya</div>
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Labirynth</div>
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Tiger Irian jaya</div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Inland carpet python (<i>Morelia spilota metcalefi</i> )</span><br /><b style="font-size: medium;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></h2>
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This is average size subspecies, with very interesting gray, silvery and black scale. Although some specimens are known for blue/gray tone. Hes range is on south-west Australia mainly in wooden areas. He's other name is <span style="line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">Murray-Darling carpet python from river where they are found.</span></div>
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<i>Morelia spilota metcalefi</i> (Inland carpet python)</div>
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Inland striped</div>
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Silvery peppered inland</div>
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Recesive mutation</div>
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<br /><span style="font-size: large;">Darwin carpet python (<i>Morelia spilota variegata</i>)</span><br /><b style="font-size: medium;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></h2>
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Darwin carpets are smaller than others. His length rarely comes to 2 meters. His characteristic trait is brownish color.</div>
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Darwin wild form</div>
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Albino Darwin</div>
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Caramel Darwin</div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Southern carpet python (<i>Morelia spilota imbricata</i>)</span><br /><b style="font-size: medium;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></h2>
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It is bigger than others subspecies reaches a lenght to maximum 14 ft, Southern carpet python are rare in pet trade.</div>
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<i>Morelia spilota imbricata</i> (Southern carpet python)</div>
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<a href="http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae%20site/images2/Morelia%20Spilota%20Imbricata%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae%20site/images2/Morelia%20Spilota%20Imbricata%202.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.pythonidae.nl/Pythonidae%20site/images2/Morelia%20Spilota%20Imbricata%202.jpg</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>
Cenralian python (<i>Morelia bredli</i>)</b></span><br />
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<i style="text-align: center;">Morelia bredli</i><span style="text-align: center;"> or better known as centralian carpet python is complete different species than </span><i style="text-align: center;">Morelia spilota</i><span style="text-align: center;">. This can be confusing since some websites have wrong information for example </span><a href="http://www.acreptiles.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80&Itemid=141" style="text-align: center;">here</a><span style="text-align: center;">. This is different species so any designer carpet python with bredli genes are hybrid. They live in central Australia in rocky habitats. They are more reddish in colors with banded patterns. </span></div>
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(<i>Morelia bredli</i>)</div>
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Black Bredli</div>
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Genetic striped centralian</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/06StrBredli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/06StrBredli.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/06StrBredli.jpg</span></div>
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Hypomelanistic</div>
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Stonewashed</div>
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Recesive mutation</div>
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Combo morphs (between subspecies and species)</b></span><br />
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The biggest advantage of carpet python group is their diversity. There are several subspecies and locality morphs as well as interesting genes like albino, caramel or axanthic which mixed with others traits gives beautiful new morphs. In this group is also hard to distinguish subspecies because they were crossbred from long time.</div>
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Jaguars</h3>
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Snakes with Jaguar gene with them display sometimes neurological problems. However it is supposed to be displayed in range of 10-15% of Jaguars. Co-dominant homozygotus form is leucistic although it ha been proven to be lethal.</div>
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Jaguar (Irian jaya x coastal)<br />
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Leucistic</div>
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Lethal gene hatchlings die before 24 hours</div>
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<a href="http://www.morelia-spilota.de/abzugeben/Leu1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.morelia-spilota.de/abzugeben/Leu1.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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Pied/Paradox leucistic</div>
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They live max for 3 weeks because leucistic is lethal gene.</div>
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<a href="http://www.sareptiles.co.za/gallery/albums/userpics/13608/paradox1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.sareptiles.co.za/gallery/albums/userpics/13608/paradox1.jpg" height="247" width="320" /></a></div>
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Paradox/Chimera jaguar</div>
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Ocelot jaguar</div>
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Ocelot zebra jaguar</div>
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Red coastal jaguar<br />
<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element237.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element237.jpg" /></a></div>
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Jungle jaguar (jungle x coastal jaguar)</div>
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Black panther jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://i23.photobucket.com/albums/b381/ragedog/different%20album/DSC03857_zps546b5144.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i23.photobucket.com/albums/b381/ragedog/different%20album/DSC03857_zps546b5144.jpg" height="179" width="320" /></a></div>
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Granite jaguar (Jaguar coastal x granite Irian jaya 75% Irian jaya)<br />
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Caramel zebra jaguar (caramel zebra jungle x caramel jaguar coastal)<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/carzebjag2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/carzebjag2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Caramel Zebra Super form (caramel Zebra jungle x caramel jaguar) 75% coastal<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/supcarzeb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/supcarzeb1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Caramel granite jaguar</div>
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Caramel jaguar</div>
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Super caramel zebra jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.ebmorelia.com/publishImages/Collection~~element215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ebmorelia.com/publishImages/Collection~~element215.jpg" height="194" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tiger Jaguar</div>
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Caramel tiger jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/ctj1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/ctj1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/ctj1.jpg</span></div>
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Zebra tiger jaguar</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element253.jpg</span></div>
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Granite zebra jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element258.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element258.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element258.jpg</span></div>
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Diamond jungle jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element146.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element146.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element146.jpg</span></div>
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Red hypo jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://exoticsbynature.com/tinley06/ebn28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://exoticsbynature.com/tinley06/ebn28.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://exoticsbynature.com/tinley06/ebn28.jpg</span></div>
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<h3>
Albino</h3>
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Albino morphs. Albino gene is probably from Darwin carpet python which means that all albinos have Darwin genes. This is recessive mutation.<br />
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Albino jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albinojagm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albinojagm.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albinojagm.jpg</span></div>
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Albino zebra (Albino Darwin x Zebra Irian jaya)</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albzeb2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albzeb2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/albzeb2.jpg</span></div>
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Albino zebra jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/Albino_zebra_jag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/Albino_zebra_jag.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/Albino_zebra_jag.jpg</span></div>
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Albino granite jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element272.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element272.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element272.jpg</span></div>
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Albino caramel zebra jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element273.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element273.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element273.jpg</span></div>
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Sunglow (Albino - Caramel)</div>
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<a href="http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/attachments/snake-classifieds/65833d1344171398-2012-precision-reptiles-carpet-pythons-za_albm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/attachments/snake-classifieds/65833d1344171398-2012-precision-reptiles-carpet-pythons-za_albm1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/forums/attachments/snake-classifieds/65833d1344171398-2012-precision-reptiles-carpet-pythons-za_albm1.jpg</span></div>
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Albino caramel jaguar </div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element251.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element251.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element251.jpg</span></div>
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Snow (Albino - axanthic)</div>
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<a href="http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d8/bb/87/d8bb870a4d9938da630d28c65dd10cd1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d8/bb/87/d8bb870a4d9938da630d28c65dd10cd1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d8/bb/87/d8bb870a4d9938da630d28c65dd10cd1.jpg</span></div>
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<h3>
Axanthic</h3>
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Axanthic jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/AXJM1302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/AXJM1302.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/AXJM1302.jpg</span></div>
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Axanthic zebra jaguar</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/AxaZebJag5month.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/AxaZebJag5month.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/AxaZebJag5month.jpg</span></div>
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Axanthic granite</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite_jag-_Oli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite_jag-_Oli.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite_jag-_Oli.jpg</span></div>
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Axanthic super zebra<br />
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<a href="http://www.precisionreptiles.com/en/component/joomgallery/image?format=raw&type=img&id=535" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.precisionreptiles.com/en/component/joomgallery/image?format=raw&type=img&id=535" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.precisionreptiles.com/en/component/joomgallery/image?format=raw&type=img&id=535</span><br />
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Axanthic granite</div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/axanthic_granite.jpg</span></div>
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Other morphs</h3>
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Zebra granite (zebra jungle x granite iran jaya)</div>
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<a href="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/SWGzebgran2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/SWGzebgran2.jpg" height="238" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.ukpythons.com/imgs/gallery/SWGzebgran2.jpg</span></div>
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Super caramel zebra<br />
<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element152.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element152.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element152.jpg</span></div>
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Granite super zebra<br />
<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element243.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element243.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/Morphs-of-the-Morelia-complex~~element243.jpg</span></div>
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Caramel granite<br />
<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/CarGran10M.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/CarGran10M.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/CarGran10M.jpg</span></div>
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Diamond bredli<br />
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Diamond jungle zebra</div>
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Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-20818850718465222452014-10-30T15:00:00.000+00:002014-10-30T15:00:06.966+00:00Boas classification<div style="text-align: center;">
Boidea (58 species) is a superfamilly of popular boas. Inside this taxa we don't find anymore calabar ground python. Long time ago he was classified as python but actually he isn't python nor boa and form another his own superfamilly Calabariidea (with one species). However <i>Calabaria reinhardi</i> (calabar ground boa or calabaria) is still in Erycinae family (old world sand boas) which ones he is isn't close relatives. I need to mention that this still will change because Sanziniinae are paraphiletictaxa (not all relatives are in this group), One of the biggest differences between calabria and boas are in the methods of reproduction. Boas are viviparous and calabarias are oviparous. </div>
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In endemic Madagascar boas (Sanziniinae) are no longer single species but two. The subspecies <i>S. madagascarensis volontan</i>y has been raised to species status. In genus <i>Arcantophis</i> are still some unsure systematic positions but this needed further studies.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Calabaria from http://www.inaturalist.org if you look closely you will see that his tail resemblance head!</span></div>
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Subfamilly Erycinae are not longer contain <i>Lichanura</i>, <i>Charina,</i> <i>Exilboa</i> and <i>Ungaliophis</i> (ground boas). Yhey are expelled from Erycinae and form their own subfamilly Ungaliophidae. There are also clear that <i>Lichanura</i> and <i>Charina</i> are genus reserved for New world while <i>Exilboa</i> and <i>Ungaliophis</i> for Old world. So if you ever read about species from <i>Charina</i> genus you will automatically known that this snake is from New world. In genus <i>Eryx</i> we can suspect in future few new species. </div>
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Very interesting genus <i>Candoia</i> form his own subfamilly Candoinae and they are closely related to Boinae. The very interesting thing about this genus is that the live on far away land from Boinae homeland. They are distributed on Melanseia, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea islands where all Boinae are reserved to New world.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Boas phylogeny from Rawlings et al 2014.</span></div>
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There is interesting information for boa constrictor keepers! They are in familly Boinae and subspecies of boa constrictor <i>B. c. imperator</i> are now species <i>Boa imperator.</i> In future in this genus we can also expect some changes.</div>
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In genus <i>Corallus</i> nothing change now although we can assume that in future <i>Corallus hortulanus</i> can be divided on different species.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Amazon tree boa from http://www.coralluscaninus.info aren't they sweeties?</span></div>
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All anacondas (<i>Eunectes </i>genus) are the closest relatives of rainbow boas (Epicrates). Well they are don't so similar to each other when you look at them. However the molecular and genetic research proof that they are close relatives (they are sharing common ancestor). Some species are no longer in <i>Epicrates</i> but they are form different genus <i>Chilabothrus</i> (west Indian boas). If you have for example Hispaniolan boa (<i>C. striatus</i>) he is not longer <i>Epicrates</i> but <i>Chilabothrus</i>. All species from <i>Epicrates</i> are reserved to South American mainland and <i>Chilabothrus</i> to West Indian Islands.</div>
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Yep that's all I'v hope that you are enjoyed my article and you are glad to hear that <i>B. imperatus</i> are species not subspecies. </div>
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If you want fell free to post a comment below, I would greatly appreciate any feedback.</div>
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<b>What is your favorite boa share below your favorite species and/or morph of this amazing creatures.</b></div>
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<b>Is hard to decide which one i love the most so I post there two! :P</b></div>
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<b> Emerald tree boa </b> (<span style="font-size: x-small;">from calphotos.berkeley.edu) </span> <b> Amazon tree boa Halloween morph </b><span style="font-size: x-small;">(from http://www.une-saison-en-guyane.com)</span></div>
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Interesting literature:</div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Austin, C.C., 2000. Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Pacific Island Boas (Candoia). Copeia 2000, 341–352. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0341:MPAHBO]2.0.CO;2</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Boback, S.M., 2005. Natural History and Conservation of Island Boas (Boa Constrictor) in Belize. Copeia 2005, 879–884. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2005)005[0879:NHACOI]2.0.CO;2</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chiaraviglio, M., Bertona, M., Sironi, M., Lucino, S., 2003. Intrapopulation variation in life history traits of Boa constrictor occidentalis in Argentina. Amphibia and Reptilia. 24, 65–74.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Colston, T.J., Grazziotin, F.G., Shepard, D.B., Vitt, L.J., Colli, G.R., Henderson, R.W., Blair Hedges, S., Bonatto, S., Zaher, H., Noonan, B.P., Burbrink, F.T., 2013. Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of tree boas (Corallus spp.). Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 66, 953–959. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.027</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Henderson, R.W., 1997. A taxonomic review of the Corallus hortulanus complex of Neotropical tree boas. Caribbean Journal of Science. 33, 198–221.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Henderson, R.W., Pauers, M.J., Colston, T.J., 2013. On the congruence of morphology, trophic ecology, and phylogeny in Neotropical treeboas (Squamata: Boidae: Corallus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109, 466–475.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hynková, I., Starostová, Z., Frynta, D., 2009. Mitochondrial DNA Variation Reveals Recent Evolutionary History of Main Boa constrictor Clades. Zoological Science 26, 623–631. doi:10.2108/zsj.26.623</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Martins, M., Oliviera, M.E., 1999. Natural History of snakes in Forests in the Manaus Region Central Amazonia, Brazil. Natural History Notes 6, 78–150.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Monteiro, L.R., 1998. Ontogcnetic changes in the skull of Corallus caninus L., 1758 and Corallus enydris L., 1758 (Serpentes: Boidae), an allometric study. SNAKE-NITTAGUN- 28, 51–58.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Noonan, B.P., Chippindale, P.T., 2006a. Dispersal and vicariance: the complex evolutionary history of boid snakes. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 40, 347–58. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.010</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Noonan, B.P., Chippindale, P.T., 2006b. Vicariant Origin of Malagasy Reptiles Supports Late Cretaceous Antarctic Land Bridge. American Naturalist 168, 730–741. doi:10.1086/509052</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Noonan, B.P., Sites Jr., J.W., 2010. Tracing the Origins of Iguanid Lizards and Boine Snakes of the Pacific. American Naturalist 175, 61–72. doi:10.1086/648607</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Orozco-Terwengel, P., Nagy, Z.T., Vieites, D.R., Vences, M., Louis Jr, E., 2008. Phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy tree and ground boas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 95, 640–652. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01083.x</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pizzatto, L., Marques, O.A., Facure, K., 2009. Food habits of Brazilian boid snakes: overview and new data, with special reference to Corallus hortulanus. Amphibia - Reptilia. 30, 533–544.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reynolds, R.G., Niemiller, M.L., Hedges, S.B., Dornburg, A., Puente-Rolón, A.R., Revell, L.J., 2013. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus). Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 68, 461–470. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.029 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">48</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reynolds, R.G., Niemiller, M.L., Revell, L.J., 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 71, 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011</span></li>
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Popular pythons form superfamilly Pythonidea and they are represent by 43 species (but expect more in future). Inside this superfamilly we have three families. First the most basal from them are Xenopeltidae (south-east Asian sunbeam snakes), Loxocemidae (Mexican Burrowin pythons) and of course Pythonidae. You are probably know that pythons are live in old world (Asia, Australia, Europe, Africa) and s-e Asian sunbeam snakes so what Mexican burrowing pythons doing in middle America. This is related with continental drift. Pythons evolved in Gondwanaland where all continents stick together. When continents start to divide some groups of animals are isolated on this swimming masses of land. Some of them menage to survive and this is the most probable scenario of distant living location of Mexican burrowing pythons. </div>
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But back to topic. In newest research the most basal group (not primitive but they are more old in philogenetically terms than other pythons) are genus <i>Python</i>. Inside this genus we find for example African rock python and the most basal of all pythons <i>Python regius</i> probably the most widely breeded snake and better known under ball python name.</div>
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<a href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/p/py/python_sebae/python_sebae_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/p/py/python_sebae/python_sebae_1.jpg" height="197" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">African rock python (<i>P. sebae</i>) from www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Python_sebae</span></div>
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We know that genus <i>Python </i>had<i> </i>heave inside a intruder, a reticulated python. Now reticulated python along with Timor python are form different taxa - <i>Malayopython</i>. In wide range of websites (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(genus)">wikipedia</a> for example) they are still named as <i>Python reticulatus</i> or <i>Python timorensis</i> where they should be called <i>Malayopython reticulatus </i>and <i>M. timorensis</i>. However it is possible that in future genus <i>Malayopython</i> will have more species than those two.Why scientist wanted to divide this genus? Because reticulated python are more similar to Australian group of pythons instead of African and Asian mainland genus <i>Python</i>. Not that long ago reticulated python weren't in genus Python nor <i>Malayopython</i> but in <i>Broghammerus</i>. However the name <i>Broghammerus</i> was use against taxonomical law by R. Hoser. Mr Hoser have ability to be really problematic for taxonomists but abut that I say more another time. To help you move in this cclassificational dimension I share with you phylograme of pythons <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">( from Reynolds et al., 2014).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Reticulated python (<i>M. reticulatus</i>) from </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">As you can see below on the top are most basal species and on bottom are the most advanced Australian species. Following those lines from left you can see that they are always divided on two. This way you can check what species are the closest relatives to another. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Phylogeny of pythons and their distribution<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> from Rawlings et al. 2014</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In Australian pythons group we can see even more changes. Genus </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morelia</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> have been divided in two different groups. One group is carpet/tree pythons group and second one is group of amethystine/scrub pythons. All carpet and tree pythons are stay in genus </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morelia</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> but all amethystine pythons are move to genus Simalia. For example amethystine python are no longer </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morelia</i> <i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">amethystina</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> but</span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Simalia amethistina</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. In genus </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Simalia </i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">are a lot of new species thankfully for work of (Schleip, 2008). In green tree python (</span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morelia viridis</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">) populary named chondro (from their older name </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chondropython</i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">). This is great that in future we could have two green tree python species <i>Morelia viridis</i> and </span></span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morelia azurea </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">what I find very exciting</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Also in carpet pythons it is possible that there are other species but there is </span>needed<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> more research. </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/The-Morelia-Complex~~element70.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.moreliapythonradio.com/publishImages/The-Morelia-Complex~~element70.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Moluccan python (<i>S. clastolepis)</i> from moreliapythonradio.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As you can see on phylogramme above the sister genus to <i>Morelia</i> (closest </span>relatives<span style="font-size: 12pt;">) are </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Antaresia </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">who is </span>popularly<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> known as Children's pythons. Inside this genus I didn't notice any changes so lets move on. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Next genus<i> Liasis</i> have some </span>surprises<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> for us. The olive python are no longer in their own genus </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Apodora</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> but in </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Liasis. Liasis papuanus</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (olive python) could have cryptic species (not currently </span>described<span style="font-size: 12pt;">). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Olive python (<i>L. olivaceus)</i> from gondwanareptilesproductions.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Genus <i>Aspidites</i> was prefiously taken by the most basal genus of all pythons (because they lack of thermal pits). However along with molecular data their status turn out to be one of the most advanced of all pythons. In genus <i>Aspidites</i> we can find small pythons dwelling on the ground and eating lizards and that's the reason why they lost thermal pits. Lizards are coldblooded (exothermic) so they have temperature as surroundings. In that way thermal pits were useless. They adapted to their prey and lost their thermoreceptic organ. Although pythons along with boas and vipers are known for having thermoreceptic organ the most important of all senses in snakes are chemoreceptive organ. That one which involved uses of divided tongue.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The last genus of pythons is <i>Bothrochilus</i>. This genus where old times was only <i>Bothrochilus boa</i> (Bismarck python) was merged with <i>Leiopython</i>. In this case<i> Leiopython </i>(D'alberts water pythons) are not longer exist and all old <i>Leiopython</i> species are now in <i>Bothrochilus</i>. In this genus we can also notice that there are no longer so few species. Instead of three species we can find there even seven species!</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.natureswindow.dk/RMI_2007/rmi20070611_039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.natureswindow.dk/RMI_2007/rmi20070611_039.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">White - lipped python (<i>B. alberisii)</i> from http://www.natureswindow.dk/</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">where by the way he is still described as <i>Leiopython</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">I know that topic could be a little bit hard to follow and not all of you will enjoy reading it as I writing. Nevertheless I'm hoping that you will learn some new things and be at least surprised for those changes. And as you can see there is a lot of news in pythons. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Look forward to new posts because next time I will write about classification of boas!</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>If you will have any questions feel free to ask me below.</b></span></div>
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provided. Twenty external morphological characters were recorded from 90
preserved specimens from throughout most of the distribution of the genus.
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diversity of populations from different distributions. Additional evidence for
some species was obtained by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Interesting literature:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Noonan, B.P., Chippindale, P.T.,
2006a. Dispersal and vicariance: the complex evolutionary history of boid
snakes. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 40, 347–58.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.010</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> O’Shea, M., 2011. Boas & Pythons
of the World. New Holland Publishers Ltd, London.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens,
J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161
species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Rawlings, L.H., Barker, D., Donnellan,
S.C., 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of the Australo-Papuan <i>Liasis</i>
pythons (Reptilia : Macrostomata), based on mitochondrial DNA. Australian
Journal of the Zoology. 52, 215–227.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Rawlings, L.H., Donnellan, S.C.,
2003. Phylogeographic analysis of the green python, <i>Morelia viridis</i>,
reveals cryptic diversity. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution. 27, 36–44.
doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00396-2</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Rawlings, L.H., Rabosky, D.L.,
Donnellan, S.C., Hutchinson, M.N., 2008. Python phylogenetics: inference from
morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.
93, 603–619.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Reynolds, R.G., Niemiller, M.L.,
Revell, L.J., 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus
species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular
Phylogenetic Evolution 71, 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Schleip, W., O’Shea, M., 2010.
Annotated checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae),
with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution. ZooKeys 66.
doi:10.3897/zookeys.66.683</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Schleip, W.D., 2008. Revision of the
Genus <i>Leiopython</i> Hubrecht 1879 (Serpentes: Pythonidae) with the
Redescription of Taxa Recently Described by Hoser (2000) and the Description of
New Species. Journal of Herpetology. 42, 645–667. doi:10.1670/06-182R5.1</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Wiens, J.J., Hutter, C.R., Mulcahy,
D.G., Noonan, B.P., Townsend, T.M., Sites, J.W., Reeder, T.W., 2012. Resolving
the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes
and species. Biology Letters 8, 1043–1046. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=PL style='font-size:
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=PL style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
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PL;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-62325010650196753292014-10-26T18:44:00.001+00:002014-10-28T22:48:52.749+00:00Current taxonomy of Boas and Pythons<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Squamata (<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">~ 9,556 species) was traditionally divided for </span><span lang="PL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lizards, worm lizards (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">Aphisbaenia)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and snakes. New research founding however </span>disagree<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> with this taxonomy and establish that old divisions are paraphyletic (not all descendants are within right taxa). (To check snakes phylogeny follow names with green lines.) Currently we recognize five subordo </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dibamidae, Gekkota,
Scincimorfa, Lacertata and Toxicofera. Our beloved animals (snakes) are in Toxicofera subordo what you can see in graphic below. This group of animals are known for using venom (YES! Iguania and Anguimorpha distant relatives used venom in the past). Within Toxicofera we distinguish a</span><span lang="PL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">nguimorpha, iguanas and snakes. This taxa started to use venom approx 200 my ago in Triassic period. It's hard now to say what of this taxa are sister lineage to snakes (closest relatives). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">At present we rec</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">ognize </span><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 12pt;">~ 3,458 species of snakes which makes them one of the biggest taxa in all reptiles and even between other classes. And what is the most exciting thing there? - the species number in snakes still growths! Inside snakes we have simple division on two. First are basal Scoleocophidia (popular blind snakes) and the second one is Alethinophidia (true snakes). Because pythons and boas are Alethinophidians I will follow more deeply in this direction. As you can see below Alethinophidia are divide </span></span><span lang="PL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">on another two taxa: Henophidia and Caenophidia (where Henophidia are more basal one). </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVEFnVAQtEUhPCAgw75Z0_PPmvfmEEvrcFlshyphenhyphen7hCsTYKlzJHmcKFZVGSrU1F8b3uctoqmOHSTDXIohn2zkVbpkOdue8zhVnLaXaUwCbnWXdKJhbs0uvunsZe-YAPfGeSLFx_-Vo97B0/s1600/Bez%C2%A0tytu%C5%82u.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVEFnVAQtEUhPCAgw75Z0_PPmvfmEEvrcFlshyphenhyphen7hCsTYKlzJHmcKFZVGSrU1F8b3uctoqmOHSTDXIohn2zkVbpkOdue8zhVnLaXaUwCbnWXdKJhbs0uvunsZe-YAPfGeSLFx_-Vo97B0/s1600/Bez%C2%A0tytu%C5%82u.jpg" height="450" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">P. Puszkiewicz "Cranial morphology analysis in Pythonidae and Boidae in philogenetical
and ecological context" 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Now can be little bit harder. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> We know now that pythons and boas are within Henophidia taxa but there is another artificial division for Macrostomata. Snakes in this taxa have ability to open they jaw widely or more simple snakes with large gapes. Inside Macrostomata we have also Caenophidia where we classified snakes such as cobras and vipers. Caenophidia are commonly known as advanced snakes and in this taxa we found most of the most venomous snakes. However they are don't interest us now we are curious about core Macrostomatan taxa - pythons and boas. They both contains 101 species which is quite nice number. </span>As you can see pythons are don't longer within boas taxa. There are clear that this two groups are philogenetcially more distant than we thought (they are not close relatives). The similarities between boas and pythons are mostly results of similar ecology. We call this convergent evolution. These both groups are mirrors each other but there are some clear differences which about I write more in near future.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> We don't know everything about their origins but we can suspect that they are </span>originated<span style="font-family: inherit;"> on earlier </span>cretaceous<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Gondwanaland<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and they divided from each other 40-30 my later.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">To sum up this post they are within Toxicofera taxa where are all reptiles with venom glands. Boas and pythons are also Alethinophidians and Henophidians. They also have possibility to largely open their gape (Macrostomata) in contrast to Uropeltidae for example. In the past pythons was classified as subfamilly of Boidae. <b>Pythons are not boas</b>! they form different taxa they are don't even sister taxa. Why I need to scream about that - because there are still places where they are grouped together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Next time I will write more closely about pythons and boas because there are even more taxonomical changes!</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Do you think that this changes are good or you prefer old classification?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Comment below and let me know what do you think.</b></span></div>
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Useful<span style="font-family: inherit;"> research papers</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fry, B.G., Vidal, N., Norman, J.A.,
Vonk, F.J., Scheib, H., Ramjan, S.F.R., Kuruppu, S., Fung, K., Blair Hedges,
S., Richardson, M.K., Hodgson, W.C., Ignjatovic, V., Summerhayes, R., Kochva,
E., 2006. Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Nature
439, 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fry, B.G., Vidal, N., van der Weerd,
L., Kochva, E., Renjifo, C., 2009. Evolution and diversification of the
Toxicofera reptile venom system. Journal of Proteomics 72, 127–136.
doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Greene, H.W., Burghardt, G.M., 1978.
Behavior and phylogeny: constriction in ancient and modern snakes. Science 200,
74–77. doi:10.1126/science.635575<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kluge, A.G., 1991. Boine snake phylogeny
and research cycles. Miscellaneous Publications of Michigan Museum of Zoology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Noonan, B.P., Chippindale, P.T.,
2006. Dispersal and vicariance: the complex evolutionary history of boid
snakes. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution 40, 347–58.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.010<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">O’Shea, M., 2011. Boas & Pythons
of the World. New Holland Publishers Ltd, London.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens,
J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161
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doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Reynolds, R.G., Niemiller, M.L.,
Revell, L.J., 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus
species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular
Phylogenetic Evolution 71, 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Schleip, W., O’Shea, M., 2010.
Annotated checklist of the recent and extinct pythons (Serpentes, Pythonidae),
with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution. ZooKeys 66.
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Vidal, N., Delmas, A.-S., Hedges,
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Vidal, N., Hedges, S.B., 2009. The
molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Wiens, J.J., Hutter, C.R., Mulcahy,
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Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-20349655777453571952014-01-09T20:53:00.000+00:002014-01-09T20:53:00.085+00:00Carpet python (Morelia spilota) - short descryption.<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Common names: </b>Carpet python or Moran (on Papua New Guinea).</span><div>
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<a href="http://file1.hpage.com/003231/06/bilder/morelia_spilota.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="http://file1.hpage.com/003231/06/bilder/morelia_spilota.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i> Morelia</i> <i>spilota cheynei</i> from <span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://snakeworld.hpage.co.in/</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Descryption: </b>Carpet python is snake from pythonidae familly, like all pythons they lay eggs and in this species clutch size is really big - up to 28 eggs. They presents varaiety of patterns and colors as subspecies from bright yellow jungle carpet trough brownish Coastal carpet python to interesting pattern of Diamond python. Carpet python feed mostly on marsurpials and other mammals sometimes eat lizards and birds (they have good developed thermal pits used to detect endothermic animals). As a arboreal monsters* they have also prehensile tails and often seen on trees as juvenile and in forests habitats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Taxonomy:</b></span><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kingdom:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animalia"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Animalia</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phylum:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordata"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chordata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Subphylum:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subphylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrata"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vertebrata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Class:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reptilia"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Reptilia</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Order:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Squamata"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Squamata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Suborder:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="suborder" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serpentes"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Serpentes</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Family:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythonidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pythonidae"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pythonidae</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Genus:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_(genus)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morelia (genus)"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Morelia</span></a></i></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Species:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">M. spilota</span></b></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">wikipedia.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Subspecies: </b>Diamond (<i>Morelia spilota spilota</i>), Northwestern carpet python (<i>M. s. variegata</i>), Southwestern carpet python (<i>M. s. imbricata</i>), Coastal carpet python (<i>M. s. mcdowelli</i>), Jungle carpet python (<i>M. s. cheynei</i>), Inland carpet python (<i>M. s. metcalfei</i>), Papuan carpet python or Irian jaya (<i>M. s. ssp.</i>). With Papuan carpet python or Irian jaya is taxonomical problem becouse Hoser in 2000 named it as <i>M. s. harrisoni</i> witch is invalid name and this taxon need more further research currently described as<i> M. s. ssp.</i> species inquirenda<span style="background-color: white;"> (<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 14.079999923706055px;">"“Species inquirenda”(pl. species inquirendae): This is “a Latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation” (ICZN 1999: glossary entry)").</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Morelia bredli</i> is also in artificial taxonomy group named as carpet pytons but its isnt subspecies of <i>Morelia spilota</i>. <i>M. bredli</i> is other species and is probably sister clade to <i>M. spilota</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;">G</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;"><b>eographic range: </b>Widely distributet troughout mainland Australia, New Guinea Island and Youle Island.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.wareptilepark.com.au/images/Morelia_spilota_map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="http://www.wareptilepark.com.au/images/Morelia_spilota_map.gif" height="296" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">from http://www.wareptilepark.com.au/</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;">Habitat:</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;"> Carpet pythons occurs in very wariety habitats: moonson forests, dry forests, woodlands, grasslands and even open savanna habitats. Morelia spilota is semi arboreal species but as juvenile they climb on trees very often.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 14.079999923706055px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Lenght</b><span style="color: #333333;">: 1,5 to even 4 m (Coastal carpet python).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;">Lifespan:</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;"> in captivity more than 20 years</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.479999542236328px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Behaviour:</b> They are powerfull predrators and as a baby the can be agresive (like most of juvniles snakes) but with growing they calm down and dont even need to be handling and tammed (its probably depends from their size if they are bigger they feel more safetly). They are slow in movement and don't need big vivariums. Mostly active on evening and nightime hours and they constantly move what makes them great exhibition animal.</span></span></div>
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Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6646806521683148673.post-3288309183880900512013-12-18T20:00:00.001+00:002014-10-26T01:11:32.703+01:00Amazon Tree Boa (Corallus hortulanus) Short Descryption<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Other common names: </b> Garden tree boa,Common tree boa, Cooki tree boa.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Description: </b><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corallus hortulanus is a slim species from Boidae family. Like almost all Boids don't lay eggs becouse they are ovoviviparous. This species have various varaiety of colours and patterns from orange, red to brown and sometimes have stripes, speckles, saddled witch rombhoid or chevron shapes or even paternless. They are living in huge area of 5 000 000 km in Amazon basin. It's possible that this ATB can contain cryptic species but we don't have sufficient data to prove or deny this possibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Taxonomy: </b></span></div>
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<table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kingdom:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animalia"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Animalia</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Phylum:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordata"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chordata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Subphylum:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subphylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertebrata"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vertebrata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Class:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reptilia"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reptilia</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Order:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Squamata"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Squamata</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suborder:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="suborder" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serpentes"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Serpentes</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Family:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boidae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boidae"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boidae</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Subfamily:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="subfamily" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boinae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boinae"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boinae</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Genus:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corallus"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corallus</span></a></i></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Species:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="species" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C. hortulanus</span></b></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Subspecies:</b> Currently we can recognize two subspecies <i>C. hortulanus hortulanus</i> who <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">occurs in the Guianas, Amazonia, and south-eastern Brazil, and <i>C. hortulanus cooki</i> from </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">southern Central America, northern Columbia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, and the southern Windward Islands.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>G</b></span><b style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">eographic range:</b><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Neotropical, typically found below 300m elevation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwD530opg-yfjp8kKN7epwNlH0kG786EhjogJ9dJ0wGJybVGxzoioDmjXf-UwUNVfcLn0Q0OiyqkNodEHNdN2Bd66wexk97rFM0NTbDx-mXc24zj9pE9fkZg7xslV79z37FF2ttV0WsV4/s1600/Bez%C2%A0tytu%C5%82u.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwD530opg-yfjp8kKN7epwNlH0kG786EhjogJ9dJ0wGJybVGxzoioDmjXf-UwUNVfcLn0Q0OiyqkNodEHNdN2Bd66wexk97rFM0NTbDx-mXc24zj9pE9fkZg7xslV79z37FF2ttV0WsV4/s320/Bez%C2%A0tytu%C5%82u.png" height="320" width="317" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Habitat:</b> Generally ATB occurs in tropical rainforest often seen on trees along the river. This taxon occurs also in dryer forest and South American grassland.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Lenght:</b> 1,5 - 2m, males are little shorter.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Adult weight:</b> 600g - 1,5kg.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Lifespan:</b> in captivity 12 - 20 Years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Behaviour: </b>They are aggresive species especially as juveniles which is defensive strategy for all boids and pythons. They gives some warrnings what includes gentle bites (still hurtfull becouse of their long thooth). In night time and after feeding they are in hunting moode and the best things to do is not handle them, they can try attack everything what they see. Hovewer they can used to humans handling and stop bitting but no all of them and this still requires some time and work. They also anchor themselves while handling and they are able to constrict on human body parts ( but they cant kill humans).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Przemysław Damian Puszkiewiczhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11157569750605504984noreply@blogger.com0